L'incubateur

Résolution - frontières extérieures - Suède - représentantes Capucine et Tosca

Résolution n°1 : harmonisation des politiques migratoires européennes sur le modèle suédois  

Soucieux de l’augmentation des flux migratoires clandestins dans l’Union Européenne et des différences de politiques migratoires au sein de l’espace Schengen 

Conscients de l’impact positifs et négatifs que peut avoir une entrée massive de migrants au sein d’un territoire ; 

Nous demandons aux membres de l’union une harmonisation des politiques  migratoires selon le modèle suédois au sein de l’espace Schengen : 

• Ceci permettrait d’empêcher des conflits diplomatiques liés aux flux migratoires entre membres de l’Union (comme vu auparavant entre la France et l’Italie) 

• Ceci permettrait un meilleur accueil des migrants à l’échelle européenne  

1. 1. La suède a été contrainte de renvoyer près de 100 000 migrants dans leurs pays d’origines pour cause de difficulté administrative et de surcharge ; 
   2. Un assouplissement des politiques migratoires, qui se traduirait par des naturalisations rapides, des aides apportées à chaque migrant ainsi qu’un logement aux normes/ salubres et une favorisation de l’intégration au peuple du pays d‘accueil afin d’empêcher la genèse de communautés séparées ; tout ceci permettrait une meilleure dispersion des familles au sein du territoire européen et finalement un meilleur accueil 
   3. Selon le MIPEX (index des politiques d'intégration des migrants), seuls 5 pays de l’UE se placent dans les 10 meilleurs pays d’accueils (Suède ; Belgique ; Finlande ; Irlande ; Portugal ; USA ; Canada ; Brésil ;Australie) la France, l’Allemagne ou encore l’Italie pourraient ainsi améliorer leur accueil  

• Ceci serait mis en place à travers la construction d’infrastructures adaptées et d’aides proposées par l’entraide entre pays à préciser: 

1. 1. Constructions d’écoles/logements afin de permettre une meilleure insertion dans la vie active au sein de la population  
   2. Aides possibles : ONG (Frontexit ; Amnesty International) ; argent prêté à l'UE par les pays membres qui ne nécessites pas d’aides immédiates (Suède) 
   3. Campagne de solidarité pour permettre un accueil par la population plus chaleureux et insérer les migrants comme membre à part entière de la communauté de l’état. 

• Règlement à respecter par les états : 

1. 1. Interdiction d’accueil dans les camps (exemple : Calais, en France) sans respect d’hygiène/ de sécurité/d’éducation : obligation de respecter les droits humains établis par la déclaration des droits de l’Homme et du citoyen de 1958 (ONU) 
   2. Contrôle réalisé par l’UE sur les pays membres afin d’empêcher des accueils inhumains  
   3. Obligation de proposer une aide financière à chaque migrant afin de favoriser son intégration (adulte : 500 euros/mois & enfant : 350 euros/mois) 

Début de la mise en place du projet 6 mois à compter du consensus/ négociations par les membres de l’union européennes – engagement des états de finir les résolutions citées préalablement avant 2030. 

Résolution n°2 : Demande d’aide de l’UE et projet de règlement en cas de nouvelle pandémie  

Soucieux de l’économie du pays ; 

Mais conscients que la crise sanitaire touche plusieurs pays de l’UE 

Nous demandons aux membres de l’union une aide financière pour relancer l’économie ainsi qu’un projet de règlement dans le cas d’une nouvelle pandémie :  

• Ceci permettrait d’accroitre le PIB 

1. 1. Le PIB étant dominé à 50% par les flux commerciaux avec une économie largement tributaire des exportations 
   2. Le PIB ayant chuté de 10% suite à la crise sanitaire 
   3. Avec 70 % des exportations suédoises à destination de l'Union européenne. 

• Ceci permettrait de nous aider à financer l’aide avec le taux de chômage en augmentation suite au COVID 19. 
• Ceci permettrait le retour de l’accueil des touristes qui représentent également une grande partie de l’économie. 
• En cas de nouvelle pandémie, nous demandons l’interdiction de fermer les frontières intra-Schengen et intra-UE 

1. 1. Ceci a été prouvé inefficace lors de la première pandémie car tous les pays ont été beaucoup touché.  
   2. Ceci a aussi montré de grands désavantages pour l’économie au sein de tous les pays membres et a marqué un arrêt net. 

• Nous demandons aussi une harmonisation au niveau de tous les pays membres des mesures prises en conséquence 

1. 1. Ainsi, tous les pays souverains gèreraient la crise de la même façon et la compréhension des lois d’un état à un autre serait rendu plus facile. 
   2. Ceci éviterait que les communautés se renferment sur elles-mêmes et garderait l’aspect d’entraide qui est prôné par l’union.  

Résolution - frontières extérieures - France - représentantes Yaël et Blanche

 

Article 1 (Covid-19) 

Réalisant que la crise de la Covid-19 a eu un impact désastreux sur l’économie, que ce soit à l’échelle nationale ou mondiale, et que certains pays ne peuvent pas se procurer le matériel médical nécessaire. 

Constatant que ces derniers ont un taux de mortalité élevé par rapport aux nombres de personnes contaminées.  

Décide de : 

• Créer une cagnotte européenne afin de lever des fonds pour aider les pays les plus démunis.
• Cette action doit être menée collectivement.
• Pas d’exigence de remboursement. 
• D’autres pays pourront bénéficier de cette aide si la première tournée est satisfaisante. 

Cet engagement prendra effet d’ici le 28 février 2021 

Article 2 (Les migrants) 

L’article 3, paragraphe 2, du traité UE développe l'idée de « mesures appropriées en matière de contrôle des frontières extérieures ». Soucieux de la série de lacune dans les politiques de l’Union en matière de frontières extérieures et de migration depuis 2015. De plus, la crise migratoire et les attentats terroristes qui ont frappé plusieurs pays de l'UE ont mis en évidence la nécessité de renforcer les frontières extérieures. Pour préserver la sécurité de l'Europe, sans oublier les pays voisins qui font le plus souvent face à cette crise et dans l’intention d’aider ces pays en difficultés, nous proposons les mesures suivantes :  

• Répartir les migrants en Europe = un nouvel équilibre  
• Mettre en place une agence européenne de l’immigration en charge de filtrer des dossiers de demande d’exils et renvoyer les dossiers non légitimes, agence qui sera créée au plus tard le 1er janvier 2022.  
• Décide que cette agence proposera au Conseil européen chaque année, les quotas par pays et que ces quotas seront votés à la majorité de 80% des membres de l’UE  
• Mandater le ministre des affaires étrangères pour établir un plan de soutien aux économies des pays à forts flux migratoires.   

 

Résolution finale - frontières extérieures

Résolution du vendredi 18 décembre 2020 des représentants au Parlement européen de la Suède, de l'Irlande, de la France, de l'Italie, de la Grèce, de Chypre relative aux frontières extérieures.

Le Parlement européen,

- soucieux de l’économie des états membres en raison de l'impact de la crise sanitaire liée au covid-19,

1. demande aux états membres de l’union une aide financière pour relancer l’économie ainsi qu’un projet de règlement dans le cas d’une nouvelle pandémie :  

• Ceci permettrait d’accroitre le PIB.
• Ceci permettrait le retour des touristes qui représentent également une grande partie de l’économie. 

2. demande, en cas de nouvelle pandémie, l’interdiction de fermer les frontières intra-Schengen et intra-UE 

• Ceci a été prouvé inefficace lors de la première pandémie car tous les pays ont été beaucoup touché.  
• Ceci a aussi montré de grands désavantages pour l’économie au sein de tous les pays membres et a marqué un arrêt net de l'économie. 

3. demande une harmonisation au niveau de tous les états membres des mesures prises pour lutter contre l'épidémie 

• Ainsi, tous les pays souverains gèreraient la crise de la même façon et la compréhension des lois d’un état à un autre serait rendu plus facile. 
• Ceci éviterait que les communautés se renferment sur elles-mêmes et permettrait de garder l’aspect d’entraide qui est prôné par l’union.  

- considérant la crise migratoire actuelle,

1. demande une nouvelle répartition des migrants en Europe pour créer un nouvel équilibre .

2. demande de mettre en place une agence européenne de l’immigration en charge de filtrer des dossiers de demande d’exils et renvoyer les dossiers non légitimes.  

3. décide que cette nouvelle agence proposera au Conseil européen chaque année, des quotas par pays, quotas qui seront votés à la majorité de 80% des états membres.

4. décide d'allouer chaque année un pourcentage encore à déterminer du budget européen à la gestion des flux migratoires.

 5. mandate le ministre des affaires étrangères pour établir un plan de soutien aux économies des pays fortement frappés par l'émigration.

- considérant la crise en mer Egée,

1. Afin de mettre fin au chantage turc, la Grèce demande une aide financière à l'Union européenne pour pouvoir instaurer des postes militaires sur les îles, renforcer son équipement militaire et le nombre de soldats présents.

2. Invite les Etats européens à augmenter les patrouilles entre les îles.

3. Autorise l'envoi de de 10 bateaux des forces européennes en cas d'attaque militaire de la Turquie ou de conflits à la frontière de Chypre.

-considérant les effets du Brexit sur la frontière entre l'Irlande et l'Irlande du Nord,

Demande l'annulation de la mise en place d'une hard border pour ne pas créer de nouvelles tensions et garantir la libre circulation entre les deux entités ou bien le maintien de la libre circulation des hommes si cette frontière devait être imposées.

Demande l'organisation d'un référendum afin de s'assurer que les populations soient d'accord sur ces mesures.

 

Résolution finale - frontières intérieures

Résolution du vendredi 18 décembre 2020 des représentants au parlement européen de la Belgique, de l'Allemagne, de la Hongrie, de la Roumanie et de l'Espagne relative aux frontières intérieures.

Le Parlement européen,

- considérant que le continent européen est toujours sous la menace du covid-19,

- considérant qu'une des valeurs fondamentales de l'Union européen depuis sa fondation est la libre circulation des personnes et que cette valeur a été renforcée par l'entrée en vigueur de l'accord de Schengen en 1995,

1. reconnait un besoin d'assurer une transparence sur les mesures prises contre la crise sanitaire les différents pays de l'espace Schengen ; 

2. réaffirme qu'il est nécessaire de mettre en place une commission annuelle afin d'étudier les situations en Croatie, Bulgarie et Roumanie en vue d'une possible intégration à l'espace Schengen.

 

Numéro spécial - La Première Guerre mondiale - couverture 3.4 SI anglais

Numéro spécial - La Première Guerre mondiale - couverture 3.2

 

 

 

 

3eSI - The Great depression - the human cost

Articles written by the students of the 3.4

• The human cost ot the Great Depression by Alexandre, Henry, Martin
• The human cost of the Great Depression by Alice, Amélie
• The human cost of the Great Depresison by Elénie, Sofia & Virginie
• The human cost of the Great Depression by Irène
• The human cost of the Great Depression by Léopold
• The human cost of the Great Depression by Méline, Naia & Olivia

 

The Great depression - the human cost - Elenie, Sofia & Virginie

 

What Americans had to endure during their biggest economic crisis: the Great Depression

The post-war economy of the United States of America had undergone a “boom” in the 1920s: Americans produced 46% of the world’s total output,and had a GNP of 104 billion dollars. This economic thriving was supported by the national population growth, which was especially migrant- induced, going from 103 million people in 1920 to 123 million people in 1930, resulted in many producers and consumers. Yet, this was equally due to the installation of an important network of trains, the extraction of diverse natural resources such as oil or coal, and the Republican policies: on the one hand, the laissezfaire helped big businesses expand without government restrictions, and on the other hand, the protectionism supported the American production
by taxing foreign goods. In parallel, the Roaring Twenties, the decade illustrated by the glamorous popular culture and wealth, dawned from this boom.

However, this boom brought to an overproduction with “overspeculation”, meaning the prices were higher than the company’s worth. Underconsumption was the primary consequence. America’s economy recessed and completely collapsed on Black Tuesday, the 29th of October 1929 : sellers outnumbered buyers ten to one. It is the beginning of the Great Depression, a period of socioeconomic crisis between 1929 and 1940. This new situation led to various and important.

An important loss of jobs
The cities that relied mostly on manufacturing were hit the hardest: for example, only 50% of the Chicagoans working in that sector in 1927 remained employed in 1933. As a matter of fact, the national unemployment rate amongst the labour force rose from approximately 3.2% to 25.2% from 1929 to 1933, that is more than a quarter of the labour force. Hence, many jobs were lost and people were led to self-promote in the streets to get attention from employers and possibly get hired, or in other cases, people migrated towards states such as California for better work opportunities. Furthermore, the national average weekly earnings, or wages, extremely dropped during that period. For example, the weekly coal industry wage went from 25$ to 13.78$ from 1925 to 1933, thus decreasing by 44,9%, or even the weekly metalliferous mining wage went from 30.12$ to 18.63$ from 1929 to 1932, making it a reduction of 38.2%.

In addition, a lowering of prices, known as deflation, occurred all throughout the country. This lowering of prices created debt in every sector and led to bankruptcy. For instance, between 1929 and 1932, 5000 banks failed. Lastly, agriculture was also deeply affected. In fact, there was an agriculture crisis linked to the Dust Bowl drought of 1930: the Great Plains were subjected to dust storms, also called “black blizzards” that, alongside the overuse of the land and overproduction, damaged the topsoil, making it unusable or blowing it away. In point of fact, 850 million tons of topsoil was taken away by the dust storms in 1935 alone. Therefore, the farmers had to abandon traditional practices and reform their use of land and machinery.

Great slump: By 1933, unemployment in the USA was at 25%

Multiple forms of poverty amongst 60% of the Americans
For instance, the extreme poverty led to famine. In fact, restaurants in the United States had to lower lower their prices so that the poor Americans consumers, representing most of the population, could afford meals. To survive, some of them began eating from the garbage, while others attended soup kitchens, known as a place where food was served mostly by volunteer organisations at little or no charge to the needy. Although, this lowering of prices created debt in every sector and led to bankruptcy. Many auctions took place because farms failed at an astounding rate; for 0,01% of its original price, going from 4100$ to 49,5$. Homelessness was therefore very common, and to avoid living in the streets, many citizens went after different solutions ; they either held tight with relatives, contributing to fewer but fuller houses, squatted illegally into vacant buildings, or created their own shanty towns, the “Hoovervilles” ; they were named so to show the citizens’ anger at the Republican Party, which was governed from 1929 until 1933 by the president Hoover, blaming him for their condition. According to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student, in 1934, Seattle had 500 selfbuilt one-room domiciles “scattered over the terrain in insane disorder” with 639 residents. Moreover, the poor also suffered from new diseases, such as the “dust pneumonia” brought by the storms born during Dust Bowl Drought, and their overall hygiene was very bad. Also, education was an issue, as the teachers were underpaid, suggesting fewer of them remained in the education sector and less children were schooled. For example, in February of 1933, publicn school teachers in Chicago were owed eight and a half months’ back pay.

Various important social class inequalities

For example, the Mexicans and African Americans, faced racial segregation, were particularly hurt by the uprising of the Depression. By 1932, according to the Encyclopedia of Chicago, “40 to 50 % of black workers in the city were unemployed, hence more than the white workers, who represented 25% of the unemployed citizens”. Having said that, social inequalities during the Great Depression wasn’t only brought up by racism, but also by the differences in social classes, notably between the poor and the High Society. As a matter of fact, even though they were affected by the Great Depression as well, the rich and famous still had savings and access to credit, in opposition to the poor, and could thus afford paying for foreign products and living extravagant and glamorous lives. For example, while storefronts stood empty, the 47-story WaldorfAstoria Hotel opened in 1931 at a cost of $42 million ($600 million today) and hosted a number of lavish parties during the Great Depression with their own in-house professional hostess, Elsa Maxwell. However, according to an extract from the “PBS 1930s high society”, these celebrations were only contributing to “escape reality”, and the rich wouldn’t really help out the critical state in their country.

The famous actress Joan Bennett in a luxurious dinner in 1931

The human cost of the Great Depression, the first industrial crisis to occur in America, led to the people suffering from major social
impacts such as the widespread joblessness, the fast rising of poverty, or the deep racial and social class inequalities, so much that it is now key in the nation’s History.

Vocabulary Box

overspeculation = to increase the prices of a share to a limit that it does not represent the actual price anymore

laissez-faire = a policy established by the Republican Party so there would be no intervention of thestate in the economicfield.The
companies may develop freely.

protectionism = the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

metalliferous = (chiefly of deposits of minerals) containing or producing metal

The Great depression - the human cost - Méline, Naia & Olivia

 

Describing the human cost of the Great Depression

The Great Depression, which represents the period of a long and severe recession, from 1929 to 1939, in an economy or a market, because of an agricultural and industrial overproduction and a bank credit crises linked to the end of the reconstruction after the First World War; was the most disastrous and destructive economic event for the population in the 1930’s.

Picture of a father who lost everything and is looking for any job to survive and feed his family.

To begin with, because of the Great Depression, everyone in America had to cut off a lot of expenses due to unemployment In 1933, unemployment was at 25 percent nationwide and wages decreased. People couldn’t afford to buy food anymore and for example, lots of children were seen queuing for a bowl of soup. There were also soup kitchens organized by charities to help. People would get so hungry sometimes that they would start to feed themselves from dumps every day. Their last hope was getting a bit of food from garbage even with some bugs on it or a bit rotten, simply not to die of hunger. Restaurants became so-called “penny restaurants” and were in operation in cities across the United States. The aim of the scheme was to allow poor people to maintain their self-respect and reduce the number of beggars. At this type of establishment, every item cost a penny. Where miserable hundreds waited hours for free food, were an all-too-common sight during the Depression penny restaurants were the dignified alternative. They always appeared during times of financial trouble, but they reached their greatest prominence during the Great Depression. A whole new cuisine of make-do was developing across the country.

        By 1932, millions of Americans, instead of having a normal rent-paying housing market, started living in slums or for example, what were called "Hooverville". A Hooverville was a shanty town, built during the Great Depression by the homeless who had no more money and couldn’t afford anything. These towns were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. The shacks were tiny, poorly built, and didn't have bathrooms. They weren't very warm during the winter and often didn't keep out the rain. The sanitary conditions of the towns were very bad and many times the people didn't have access to clean drinking water. “In Seattle by 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to a witness of the time. Most were unemployed labourers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. By 1937, close to 1,000 people lived in the Hooverville towns.” In addition, unemployed workers had drastically gone up, from 1550 people in 1920 to 12830 people in 1933. This was a huge difference, and everybody was getting desperate to find a job; so much so that people would parade in the streets with a cardboard sign on them with written on it that they would like to have a decent job, their age, what they can do. Because of the economical crisis going on, companies couldn’t pay their workers properly, so salaries also crashed down remarkably. From 1920 to 1932, in manufacturing the wages went down by 33.6%, into Bituminous Coal of 44.9%, and in Metalliferous Mining 38.2%.

        Finally, during the Great Depression, farmers, ranchers and families suffered. Particularly during the slowdown in economic activity 1921, when the prosperity went down. Agricultures and farmers were trying to gain back their loss with their economies, by expanding their productions to take full advantage of land and machinery and by planting more and more wheat, which after a long time had repercussions to soil, to sell it even though the prices of the products continued to drop until 1929 for example, when wheat went from 2 dollars to 40 cents per bushel which began to really be unlivable.

        On top of that, due to a series of droughts combined with non-sustainable agricultural practices, enormous dust storms and huge chocking clouds invaded the place and led to famine, diseases and deaths related to breathing dust called “dust pneumonia”. It also also destroyed everything in its path like for example, farms, which caused many families to walked around the country and search for a new job. Moreover, land of agriculture went bust because of overproduction, overuse of land and harsh weather, which made this event to be called “The Dust Bowl”. It had many consequences as dying livestock or no more crops which meant that they couldn’t sell that much anymore and so didn’t produce any money.

The Great depression - the human cost - Alice & Amélie

 

The Great Depression

A major economic crisis devastating the entire American population

The Great Depression was the first major industrial economic crisis starting in 1929 In the United States, with overproduction, over-speculation and the weakness of the US economy. It led to the collapse of the stock exchange on the 24^th of October 1929, also known as black Tuesday. During this period of great distress which lasted a decade, shares lost their value, banks and factories shut down and production dropped by 25 percent.

Throughout the Great Depression, unemployment rates increased drastically while wages dropped. Between 1929 and 1933, the number of unemployed went from 1550 to 12830. In fact, jobs were scarce due to the lack of public demand and the closing of shops and factories. For example, the Encyclopedia of Chicago states that “Only 50 percent of the Chicagoans who had worked in the manufacturing sector in 1927 were still working there in 1933.” In terms of percentage, the unemployment rate increased by 22 percent, representing a quarter of the labor force, as more and more people searched for jobs. The average weekly earnings suffered an important decrease in all industries. For example, the manufacturing sector was hit particularly hard as the wages dropped by 33.6 percent in 3 years. It is equally important to note that African Americans and Mexicans were particularly struck by unemployment. For instance, by 1932, 40 to 50 percent of black workers in Chicago were unemployed. The crisis worsened the already bleak economic situation of African Americans as they were the first to be laid off from their jobs and received fewer financial aids than others. This unfair treatment impacted African Americans and Mexicans for decades to come.

        Furthermore, the living conditions for most Americans during the Great Depression worsened, as the poverty rates increased. On the other hand, the social inequalities escalated as some Americans were able to turn the situation to their advantage. Shacktowns and homeless encampments multiplied all across the country as less and less people could afford to live in houses. When people couldn’t even find a shack, they found shelter wherever they could, sometimes even sleeping under bridges or culverts. "Hooverville” became a common term for these accommodations because Americans blamed President Hervert Hoover for their misery.  According to Donald Roy, a sociologist on the faculty of Duke University, “in Seattle, by 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were scattered over the terrain in insane disorder.” In order to help those in need, soup kitchens held by charities as well as cheap restaurants opened all across the United States. As a result, huge lines of hungry families waited outside of these facilities to obtain their daily dose of bread. In contrast to this poverty, American dynastic families held parties to “escape the reality”, even though they weren’t as badly affected by the crisis. For example, the extract from PBS 1930s high states that “While storefronts stood empty, the 47-storey Waldorf-Astoria Hotel opened in 1931 at a cost of $42 million ($600million today)” This shows how the economic disparities between the working classes and upper classes intensified. 

A migrant worker family living in squalor – Oakland Museum of California

        Finally, the crisis had a dreadful impact on farmers and the extreme dust storms made the situation even worse.  The overworking of the land in hope to increase production, led to the drop of wheat prices and the “land of agricultural opportunity went bust.” The drought and other harsh weather conditions resulted in the Dustbowl, a period of severe dust storms. The extract from lumen learning explains that “In 1935 alone, over 850 million tons of topsoil blew away”. The dust created a new illness called “dust pneumonia” and destroyed many acres of crops. Farmers were forced to sell their farms and land at low prices and migrate to California, where they hoped to find new jobs. Unfortunately biased, the Great Depression made it hard for them to find work anywhere, and many of them ended up poor.

A dust bowl farmer raises a fence to keep it from being buried under drifting sand in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936.

VOCABULARY

Over-speculation: to assume an excessive amount of business risk in speculating on something.

Shacktown: A settlement made up of shacks; a shanty town.

Culvert: a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railway