Organizations
Climate change, brought on by human intervention, specifically during the Anthropocene period, is a phenomenon with which our society is engaged in an ongoing battle. The impacts brought on by climate change are many, are dangerous and threaten not only our environment, for example our oceans, but, ironically, humanity as well, and our well being.
This Cop, located here in Copenhagen, a city willing to go to great lengths to protect the environment, has several goals in mind to discuss and hopefully agree on. They include the question of CO2 emission reduction, settling the debate about immigration due to climate change, and the promotion of the use of renewable resources as a replacement for our primary, polluting ones.
We would like to thank all the countries in attendance, China, Brazil, USA, and the oil producing nations. We also welcome the presence and participation of several different international associations and organizations, the United Nations, the Alliance of small pacific islands, Oxfam, and the indigenous peoples. This intergovernmental debate also recognizes civil society as a crucial actor.
Resolution 1: reduction of CO2 emissions through carbon neutrality
2020 has proven to be a year full of changes and has redefined our way of living, thinking, and consuming. With the worldwide pandemic, carbon emissions exceptionally decreased, a staggering 8.8 % decrease was observed in CO2 emissions in the first half of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. This massive decrease in our carbon footprint not only exposes the central role of human activity on CO2 emissions, but also highlights the potential and scale of the possible change our societies can inflict on emissions.
With carbon emissions being the main cause of global climate change, and the planet's average surface temperature rising about 2.05 degrees Fahrenheit (1.14 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, it is essential to try to find compromises in our daily CO2 emissions.
Carbon neutrality, with hundreds of countries already pledging to obtain this neutrality, aims to achieve net zero carbon dioxide emissions by balancing carbon dioxide emissions with removal or simply eliminating carbon dioxide emissions altogether. This carbon neutrality has a dual approach with the possibility of reduction as well as compensation, and could therefore be a highly productive approach to discuss in this COP convention.
We are aware of the challenge of cutting CO2 emissions and the economic effects. For example, sub-Saharan Africa as a result of reducing their CO2 emissions, saw the number of people living in poverty double. However, data compiled by the World Resources Institute shows that since 2000, 21 developping countries have reduced annual emissions while simultaneously growing their economies, indicating that the decoupling of economic growth with emissions is possible. Furthermore, the low cardon index found that several G20 countries have reduced their economies’ carbon intensity while maintaining GDP growth, including countries classified as ‘developing’, such as China, India, South Africa and Mexico. These exciting statistics lay the possible tone of change in global carbon emissions, and hopefully insight a new dynamic amongst the debates in this year’s COP LFJM 2020.
Encourage the transition to renewable energies by 50% in 2100.
Incite a participation of nations in “sustainable development collaboration” programs with big scale corporations, financing a collaboration between local experts and their research and development funds in exchange for yearly reports on the progress, expliciting the use of the funds for technological advancement, making the industries more efficient and less polluting on the long term,
Highlight the importance of partnerships between nations for a more optimal management of resources and industries.
Resolution 2: Environmental migration
Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been forecasting that strong human migrations would be a major consequence of climate change and the rise of the level of sea waters.
We understand today that these warnings were truthful as 25 million of people on earth are forced to move every year due to natural catastrophes mainly caused by climate change.
The situation is critical in many different locations around the world for populations who slowly see the day where they will be forced to leave their houses come closer. This is the case for the inhabitants of Beijing who observe the Gobi desert grow by 10000km² per year becoming a bigger menace to their lives by day. Similarly, in the Arctic circle, the melting of the far north’s permafrost will drive local populations to leave their homelands.
Acknowledging that the rise in sea levels is mainly due to the melting of land ice, caused by the continuous increase in temperatures. This corroborates the urgency of dealing with global warming as part of this discussion.
Noting with concern that the world will have 150–200 million climate change refugees by 2050
Urges the construction of sea walls, storm water pumps and upgrading sewage systems to slow down the rise of sea levels with the financial support of the greater financial powers
Recognising that countries directly impacted by migration are the ones that contribute the least in gas emissions and should therefore receive important financial and humanitarian support from the more responsible countries.
Calls for good emergency planning and adaptation policies which mitigate the wet and dry extremes of our changing climate that will reduce pressures on migration
Resolution 3: working towards the SDG 11
The promotion of new strategies to work towards the accomplishment of the eleventh SDG: sustainable cities and communities.
Noting with deep concern that fossil and non-renewable energies are highly polluting and typically found in specific regions of the world, making it difficult to extract and access. For example, oil drilling could require stripping Canada’s boreal forest with specific technologies, the act itself leading to several dangerous natural disasters.
However, mentioning that access to renewable energies, such as solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, biomass energy, geothermal energy, tidal and and wave energy.
Stressing that climate change is not stopping and will only get worse
Recognizing that changing traditions and infrastructure is difficult and will take time
Keeping in mind the possibility of conflicts over fossil fuel resources regarding their dependency on such industries
Concerned about reports from the Center for Biological Diversity which state that globally 15 percent or more of man made carbon dioxide is derived from cars, trucks, airplanes, ships and other modes of transportation
Cognizant of the level of dependency placed on petroleum and furthermore acknowledging that approximately 96% of transportation fuel is in the form of petroleum
Referring to the fact that only with international unity can climate change can be reversed by developing green transportation and other countermeasures
Convention text voted on December 2d, 2020.
RESOLUTION 1: reduction of CO2 emissions through carbon neutrality
Encourage the transition to renewable energies by 50% in 2100
Incite a participation of nations in “sustainable development collaboration” programs with big scale corporations, financing a collaboration between local experts and their research and development funds in exchange for yearly reports on the progress, expliciting the use of the funds for technological advancement, making the industries more efficient and less polluting on the long term,
Highlight the importance of partnerships between nations for a more optimal management of resources and industries
Reaffirm the need for adaptation of national industries, needing to turn to locally exploitable renewable energies, financial support made available by collaboration with big scale companies and the United States if the countries agree to meet the predetermine norms of production
RESOLUTION 2: environmental migrations
Urges the construction of sea walls, storm water pumps and upgrading sewage systems to slow down the rise of sea levels with the financial support of the greater financial powers
Recognising that countries directly impacted by migration are the ones that contribute the least in gas emissions and should therefore receive important financial and humanitarian support from the more responsible countries.
Calls for good emergency planning and adaptation policies which mitigate the wet and dry extremes of our changing climate that will reduce pressures on migration
Advises the raising of awareness of the EU-funded project implemented by IOM on 'Mainstreaming Migration into International Cooperation and Development' (MMICD project) that developed a video that serves as both a training and outreach tool to showcase the #MigrationConnection
RESOLUTION 3: working towards the SDG 11
Urges member states to promote and research for vehicles not powered through fossil fuels, keeping in mind that a change like this would take large investments not only for their implementation but to support countries that rely on fossil fuel extraction
Recommends member states to set a limitation of use of natural gas
Recommends all countries to encourage popularization of transportation that run on more efficient or zero emissions
Calls for member states to incentivise the use of green technologies for commercial and consumer purposes
Encourages MEDCs to help LEDCs in financing the initial investment of switching to greener technologies
Requests creation of minor biyearly goals created by member states to guide the accomplishment of long term goals
Quelques exemples de négociations
L'AOSIS cherche à obtenir des réductions d'émissions pour sauver ses îles tout en obtenant des financements des pays développés pour leur adaptation au changement climatique.
Les pays pétroliers et l'UE soutiennent une reconversion professionnelles des travailleurs spécialisés dans la production d'énergie fossile.
Les FMN pétrolières et les Etats-Unis se sont mis d'accord pour soutenir une transition vers des énergies renouvelables mais une transition lente qui permette de préserver l'exploitation des ressources fossiles. Ils se sont mis également d'accord pour un financement de la R&D en matière d'énergie renouvelable.
Pendant un bref temps, la Chine avait accepté une proposition américaine : financement américain de la R&D chinoise en matière d'énergie renouvelable en échange d'un abandon de toutes formes de concurrence.
Un accord a été passé entre les pays pétroliers et les FMN : les pays pétroliers financent de nouvelles technologies durables mais uniquement si ces dernières sont favorables au développement économique des pays pétroliers.
Depuis plusieurs années, nous sommes un des pays les plus investis dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Nous investissons dans la recherche et développement afin d’atteindre la neutralité carbone en 2060. La Chine a entrepris la construction d’une ville dans la forêt située à proximité de la commune de Liuzhou, dans le sud du pays, sa végétation sera destinée à absorber la pollution et à produire de l’oxygène. Nous installons l’équivalent d’un terrain de foot de panneaux solaires toutes les heures, ce qui vous montre notre enthousiasme qu’en à la diminution de la pollution.
La Chine est prête à soutenir les pays en développement pour diminuer le rejet de carbone mais également la diminution des risques naturels. Nous sommes capables d’investir pour la création de mur pour diminuer la montée des eaux croissante pour protéger les pays en voie de développement.
Nous sommes en faveur de la création de transport alternatif pour remplacer les transports polluants tels que les avions ou bus qui sont les principaux acteurs de polluant. Il faudrait également développer l’utilisation d’énergie solaire en Afrique, ils n’utilisent que 1% de leur ressource disponible.
Nous sommes pour l’appelle à une bonne planification d’urgence et à des politiques d’adaptation pour le changement climatique mais nous voudrions connaître plus en détail de quelle manière vous envisagez de procéder pour arriver à cet objectif.
La Chine est particulièrement investie dans la création de stratégies renouvelable pour maintenir et encourager la croissance économique tout en réduisant les émissions. Nous allons mettre en œuvre des politiques dans les pays en développement pour se détourner d’une économie reposant sur les industries à forte intensité de carbone, mais également nous allons assurer la coordination des politiques au niveau mondial pour assurer une transition vers la diminution des émissions de carbone.
La chine est un pays clés à la création d’énergie fossile et à la diminution de la pollution mondiale qui est un fléau pour les décennies à venir, grâce à ses fonds importants et à son avancée technologique.
Honorable members of the COP:The United States of America is a powerful nation, but has many faults when it comes to adapting to climate change. As the number 1 economic power we have the ability to change the course of our country to set it on the way of green energies, net zero carbon emissions, and environmental responsibility. We have to show the world the example of how to deal with climate change, and break away from the previous administration which showed no regard to the problem of climate change. We vow to modify our economical structure and our community structure to build the future of the United States in a better way. The United States engages climate change as a threat to the integrity of humanity and to the future of our nation.The main cause of climate change is without a doubt, carbon emissions. The United States is ready to change its ways of production, consumption, and construction in order to secure a carbon free future. First of all, the United States are rejoining the Paris agreements to improve global action against climate change. The Green New Deal will be introduced as soon as president-elect Biden is in office, and promises 100% clean energy economy and net zero emissions by 2050. We vow to make historic investments in clean energy and climate research and development. Improving the energy efficiency of our buildings is one of the ways we will improve the carbon footprint of our industry. Based off the Recovery Act, president-elect Biden will set a target of reducing the carbon footprint of the U.S. building stock 50% by 2035. Improving clean energy production is crucial to developing a green future, and we encourage all policies that improve on this sector. Furthermore, we will use, if necessary, our economic leverage and our power of example to rally the rest of the world to respect the agreements and improve the durable aspect of the world economy. The coordination of policies at a global level is crucial to organize an effective response against climate change, and we will use our assets to accomplish this.The United States is ready to make large investments abroad to avoid environmental migration by keeping these populations where they are. We wish to create peaceful environments within these countries. We promote and urge the construction of sea walls, storm water pumps and upgrading sewage systems to slow down the rise of sea levels. Along with the calls for financial help to invest in solutions, we recognize that countries directly impacted by migration are the ones that contribute the least in gas emissions and should receive important support from the more responsible countries.The United States recognises the importance of working towards the SDG 11. Our country strives to build sustainable cities and communities. This administration will establish an enforcement mechanism that includes milestone targets during the presidency to ensure to good flowing of progress. Our current infrastructures are not environmentally sustainable. We vow to improve the energy efficiency of our buildings by accelerate the building code process and create a new funding mechanism for states and cities to adopt strict building codes and train builders and inspectors. This new administration is prepared to accelerate the deployment of electric vehicles. There are now one million electric vehicles on the road in the United States but few charging stations. As President, Biden will work towards the deployment of more than 500,000 new public charging outlets by the end of 2030. The largest car manufacturer by market cap is Tesla, an american company. We wish to continue this trend by offering an environment prone to the emergence on new businesses. Today, the United States is lagging behind the rest of the world’s railroad system. This administration vows to kickstart a second great railroad revolution, unlocking a cleaner way to travel. We are going to make a $1.7 trillion investment in clean energy and climate research and development. Most of this financing will be directed towards the communities most threatened by climate change. We will be able to leverage a further $5 trillion to expand this research. The Unites States will also influence communities to develop clean transit for their growing populations. It will also promote the dedication of bicycle and pedestrian thoroughfares, and first- and last-mile connections. Moreover, these investments will be directed to infrastructures able to withstand the challenges and impacts of climate change.Along with other nations, we will work towards a better future for out planet. Together, we will tackle climate change and stop the increase of global temperatures.
Fellow delegates, Fellow chair,
We are here today as representatives for oil producing countries, in particular Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
These countries have already made huge strides in the field of environmental protection, such as adopting the environment protection policy in the basic law of governments (article 32) which states: “The State shall work towards the preservation, protection and improvement of the environment, as well as prevent pollution.” In addition, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia participates substantially to the general authority of Meteorology and Environmental protection (PME).
Oil producing countries are also willing to envisage new solutions to work towards SDG 11, having already asked the World Bank in 2014 for financial support in our quest to reduce waste. Waste now represents 5% of global emissions and is predicted to grow by 70% by 2050 if not addressed. The delegation of oil producing countries would like to stress that we are willing to implement new strategies, such as renewable energies, to ready ourselves for the future, but insist on the limitations of said renewable energies.
On the subject of preventing migration caused by climate change, specifically due to a rise in sea levels, these countries stand for this resolution. Saudi Arabia is classified as one of the most water scarce nations of the planet according to deputy minister for water and electricity Abdulla Al Hussayen. Absolute water scarcity level is 500 cubic square meters per capita, Saudi Arabia standing at a mere 89.5 cubic meters. Qatar and Saudi Arabia sympathize with alarm the number of climate refugees around the world, regardless of the issue not being an important concern of ours yet and are willing to help seeing as the cause also impacts the health and safety of our own populations.
However, the ongoing debate about reducing CO2 emissions, notably by decreasing oil production, is one we feel particularly concerned with. We wish to remind all member states that oil production is vital to our countries’ economies, and the global one. Qatar produces 1,987,192.98 barrels per day of oil (as of 2016) ranking 14th in the world and Saudi Arabia produces 12,402,761 barrels per day of oil (as of 2016) ranking 2nd in the world. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 87% of Saudi budget revenues, 90% of export earnings, and 42% of GDP.
Petroleum and natural gas are the cornerstones of Qatar's economy and account for more than 70% of total government revenue, more than 60% of gross domestic product, and roughly 85% of export earnings. Qatar has the world's third largest proven natural gas reserve and is the second-largest exporter of natural gas.
Entities debating in favor of reduction of CO2 emissions by reducing the extraction of oil, position themselves against the well-being and good health of Qatar and Saudi Arabia’s populations. Not to mention, from 2005 to 2017, Saudi Arabia welcomed an average of 5.6 million migrants a year, struggling migrants from poor, developing countries that find employment and revenue on our territories. We contribute to reducing poverty by welcoming these migrants, and do not wish for this to be compromised.
Our delegation is aware that CO2 emissions generate a great and increasing threat but deem our populations’ lives more concerning at this present time. Nevertheless, we are willing to make efforts towards finding alternative solutions in preparation for the future. We intend to further develop and increase the strategies we’ve already put in motion and promote their implementation in other countries. We are open to suggestions concerning these issues, and ready to cooperate to find solutions to that which we have opposed.Parties
En tant qu'Organisation des Nations Unis, nos intérêts ne sont pas subjectifs ou influencés par des intérêts spécifiques pouvant nuire à l’environnement. Notre objectif en tant qu’organisation supranationale, est de concilier, d’une part, un consensus permettant d’améliorer la situation climatique et, d’autre part, celui qui permettra d’avoir une transition douce, avec des impacts aussi réduits que possibles sur l’économie et surtout sur les sociétés des Etats signataires. Nos intérêts sont donc ceux de l’humanité, de l’espèce humaine et du milieu naturel.
Tout d'abord la question du Carbone. L'ONU, au vu du rapport, propose une simple continuité avec quelque actions plus rapides des organisations, le fait est que : en voyant les résultats des 21 pays en développement ayant réussi à stabiliser leurs émissions de CO2 tout en voyant leurs économies croître, suffisent pour se dire que tout est possible et que l'économie n'est pas un obstacle à une réduction des émissions. L'ONU aimerait appuyer sur les sujets de discussions suivants : encouragement des partis qui souhaite une réduction émissions de CO2 et la promotion de tous moyens capable de faire changer les choses
Deuxièmement, l'émission excessive de CO2 a un impact dévastateur sur les sociétés. Depuis les années 1990, l'IPPC annonce de fortes migrations dues à la montée des eaux. Cette situation semble peut être lointaine, mais ce que nous observons aujourd'hui déjà ce sont les résultats de notre inaction et les prémices de ce qui est à venir: Tous les ans, 25 millions de personnes sont forcées de migrer sous le statut de réfugié climatique. L'élévation des océans en raison de la fonte des glaces continentales ne va qu'amplifier ce phénomène comme l'annonce le scénario sinistre de 2050: 150-200 million de réfugiés climatiques. Cette situation est d'autant plus injuste que les états les plus menacés sont ceux ayant la plus petite empreinte carbone, par exemple les Maldives. Par conséquent L'ONU appelle les états membres à la collaboration internationale: l'aide financière des états les plus responsables du réchauffement climatique à ceux qui en subissent les conséquences, la construction de barrages et d'autres mesures d'adaptation. En parallèle ces réformes devront être complétées par des efforts conséquents de réduction des émissions carbones.
Pour finir, de manière à adopter un consensus de transition douce et prévenir des impacts causés par la transition énergétique, nous voulons dès à présent que les Etats signataires s’engagent ou accélèrent leurs programmes de développement de nouvelles technologies allant dans le sens de la transition énergétique. Cela rend possible à la fois l’objectif de maintenir l’augmentation de la température de 2 degrés d’ici à 2100. mais également de développer de nouveaux emplois et donc de sortir l’économie mondiale de l’emprise des énergies fossiles.
Nous sommes les peuples autochtones, les peuples les plus menacés par le changement climatique et pourtant les moins responsables.
Représentant plus de 5000 populations différentes telles que les Tainos des Caraïbes, les Pachtounes en Asie centrale ou encore les Awa de la forêt amazonienne.
Issus du monde entier, notre diversité représente d’une part une mine d’informations pour les scientifiques et nous sommes, d’autre part, les témoins des anciennes pratiques et rituels que nous tentons de perpétuer.
Malgré la Déclaration sur les droits des peuples autochtones adoptée en 2007 à New York, nous sommes encore trop peu représentés et pris en compte lors des négociations internationales.
Tout d’abord, les terres sur lesquelles nous vivons sont riches en ressources naturelles et les entreprises privées ou les gouvernements se les approprient pour y mettre en place des technologies et extraire ces ressources.
Cela provoque des catastrophes naturelles récurrentes qui nous touchent et nous obligent à émigrer vers d’autres régions.
Certaines de nos populations vivent encore dans des environnements vulnérables et exposés aux menaces, telles que l’aridité ou encore leur localisation dans les milieux polaires et sont donc les premiers à subir les effets du réchauffement.
Où qu’elles soient, les populations autochtones sont touchées, en témoigne par exemple:
-La déforestation massive de l’Amazonie par des groupes industriels regroupant pourtant 400 populations différentes et provoquant la destruction de leurs lieux de vie, de leurs modes de vie et de leurs ressources.
-Un autre cas de figure, est l’Arctique abritant des populations Inuites contraintes de quitter leurs villages pour faire face à la montée des eaux.
De plus, la surpêche et l’augmentation des températures réduisent drastiquement la biodiversité de nos terres et donc, nos ressources.
Que nous venions des petites îles d’Asie, de l’Arctique, de la forêt amazonienne ou encore du Sahel, notre survie dépend de la biodiversité et celle-ci est de plus en plus compromise.
Encore de trop nombreux accords sont signés en faveur des lobbies et des grands groupes industriels en ne nous incluant pas ou très peu aux négociations et prises de décisions.
Un paradoxe, puisque nous représentons les voix les plus légitimes pour exiger la protection environnementale.
De plus, nous constituons une mine de connaissances environnementales qui sont essentielles aux mesures pour une adaptation efficace au changement climatique.
Nous pouvons aider et travailler avec des scientifiques ou des historiens pour fournir des connaissances plus précises sur les milieux les moins connus.
C’est pourquoi nous demandons une véritable intégration et une participation active à toutes les négociations concernant l'environnement.
Ainsi que des aides économiques et une protection sociale en reconnaissance de notre rôle crucial sur les questions climatiques.
En outre, il nous semble urgent de mettre en place une régulation plus stricte sur la déforestation et l’interdiction de nouvelles routes maritimes pour les hydrocarbures en particulier en Arctique, ainsi que d’instaurer une taxe très importante voire une interdiction sur les forages de pétrole ou de matériaux dans des zones vulnérables.
Enfin, nous appelons la communauté internationale à abandonner le développement de l’énergie nucléaire constituant de fausses solutions au profit d’énergie propre et renouvelable.
Nations from each sides of the world have met today, to witness the impact of their respective governments and administrations on the global environment. In the fear of losing support from your voters, as they progressively unite in anger in front of your inaction, you attempt to save face at the last minute.
Not only are humans inhaling millions of toxic nanoparticles, forced to migrate, to suffer the increase of global temperature and so on… Just as LEDCs have to pay the consequences of the MEDC’s activity, wildlife endures terrible conditions brought by men. We know that fauna and flora often have trouble adapting to the shift in the climate, and animals lose their natural habitat or face extinction.
Moreover, where climate change deteriorates the natural equilibrium, deforestation aggravates this process. Forests are nature’s greatest technology for combating climate change: they naturally absorb carbon dioxide which is a GHG, and deforestation releases it in the atmosphere, AND further destroys natural habitats.
The world wide fund also insists on the impact of fossil fuels, particularly oil, on which we believe a tax has to be imposed to everyday users. As the price of oil rises, public transports can replace individual cars, or a switch to an electric motor can be done. This can be done whilst international programs would act to allow easy access to renewable energy, at a reasonable price. In fact we believe that a full transition to 100% renewable energies is possible and must be strived for, by investing in technologies benefic to humans as well as nature, and of course by providing the necessary funds to LEDCs. Finally, when all options run out, adaptations have to be made to avoid catastrophes; and the WWF supports emergency planning and cooperation so as to preserve human lives exposed to the dangers of the climate.